Osmosis Lab

What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is a  process in which the molecules of a liquid pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated. When it does this it balances out the concentration in both solutions.

Hypothesis
I predict that water will easily pass through a gummy bear. However my really hypothesis is, I believe that the warm water will pass through the gummy bear faster than room temperature water. The reason why I predict this will happen is because when ever you heat up anything the molecules get excited. So I think that because of the excited molecules that will try passing through the gummy bear fast than non heated water.

Materials

• Water (about 8 cups)
• Gummy bears (amount depends on how many tests you want to do)
• ruler
• timer
• clear glass container or cup
• thermometer

Procedure
First you have to acquire all of the materials, then get two of your cups and fill them with enough water to submerge the gummy bear. For one of the glasses of water heat it up with a temperature of higher than 80 degrees but no higher than 110 degrees or it will melt. The other glass just with room temperature water. Then put in both gummy bears. You can record there growth with the ruler at different time intervals. I did my every half an hour. Then you record the data. Repeat this process as many times as you want.  For the glass with the glass with the warmer water you have to refill the water with warm water. So you check it just replace the water.

If you look above is a time laps of a gummy bear in warmer water. You can't see it as well but a clear silhouette starts to form.

Above you can see that the gummy bear cannot withstand very high temperatures. It starts to melt away after awhile.

As you can see the gummy bear did increase in mass do to the osmosis affect. Tomorrow I will post another photo of it to see how much it has really grown.


Data Results
After 10 minutes the gummy bear in warm water melted and did not grow at all
The gummy bear in the room temperature did actually grow.  In all the gummy bear grew .12 inches in length and .6 inches. The data also showed that my hypothesis was incorrect and warmer water does not increase the speed of the osmosis liked affect. As you can see below the gummy bear in room temperature is much larger than the other.

Conclusion
In conclusion the water at room temperature demonstrated osmosis the best. The water entered the gummy bear like a cell membrane which then expanded it. It was interesting how the water didn't pass through all the way. It stayed just under the surface. I do believe that the temperature does affect the speed of osmosis. It's just the fact that I used gummy bears which allowed them to melt. In the next experiment I will try to used something that can withstand the heat.

Osmosis Video

Osmosis Lab

OSMOSIS= the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane. The water flows from a high concentration into a low concentration


Osmosis Demonstration

Purpose
This is a demonstration of osmosis. In this demo, there will be two groups of beans being tested: beans in room temperature water, and beans in boiling water.

Hypothesis
If osmosis allows water to pass through a semipermeable membrane, then I think that the beans, in both room temperature water and boiling water, will grow in size.

Materials
-dried black beans
-water
-pot
-small plastic container

Procedure
Put a small handful of dried beans in room temperature water. Leave overnight and observe changes.
In a pot of boiling water, put another small handful of dried beans in the water for 5 minutes and observe changes. Record results.

Results
Room temperature beans- grew 0 cm after 7 hours
                                        - after 19 hours they grew 0.4 cm
Boiling Water beans- grew 0.2 cm after 5 minutes

Conclusion
Due to the process of osmosis, water was able to pass through the black beans' membrane, allowing them to grow in size. This supports my hypothesis. As shown by the results, the temperature of the water has a significant effect on the growth of the beans. The beans in boiling water were able to grow half the size of the beans in room temperature water in a fraction of the time. The process of osmosis was demonstrated by observing the growth of beans in water over a period of time.
If anyone else is interested in this topic, a question that arose from this demonstration is "why did the warmer water have a faster effect?"

Cell Analogy Project: A Cell Is Like a Circus

A Cell is Like a Circus

Cell Analogies Project

Cell Analogies Presentation of Katie Carley and Morgan Barreras

Enzyme lab

Enzyme Lab Worksheet

Hypothesis: I predict that the higher the PH is the faster the enzyme reaction will be.

Independent Variable: PH levels

Dependent Variable: Height of the foam

Controlled Variables: The amount of enzyme extract, water and hydrogen peroxide

Justification of hypothesis: I choose my hypothesis, because i believed there would be more bubbles from the base formulas rather than acid ones. I also believed that the enzymes would receive more reactions from base rather than acid

Materials (Your Team’s Experiment):

• Beaker
• mortar
• pestle
• bindweed
• test tube
• ruler
• timer
• hydrogen peroxide
• pipet
• paper towel
• scissors

Procedure: First you gather bindweed. Once you have gathered a good amount you cut of the leaves. Then you use the mortar and pestle to mash up the bindweed. Add 20 ml of water to the bind. After the bindweed has turned into a liquidy substance put a paper towel over a beaker and slowly pour the bindweed substance through to paper towel. Squeeze the paper towel to extract any left over liquid. Then pour the substance into a test tube. Add 0ne and a have ml of peroxide to the extract. The extract acts as a substrate. Then Observe for 30 seconds. Repeat with a solution of extract, peroxide and hydrochloric pH 3-4 sodium hydroxide pH 10 and hydroxide pH 12.

Data and Results:  

Conclusions: As a result to our lab my hypothesis was proven correct. The higher the pH levels are the faster the enzyme react. During our first lab attempt we failed to properly insert the different PH levels and diluted bindweed extract. This caused the enzyme reaction to be slower. In our second attempt we made sure to separate the different pH levels. By doing this is caused a better reaction. Resulting in larger foaming levels and in a shorter time. This means that the higher the PH levels the faster the enzymes react.

Enzyme Lab Report

Introduction: In class we are learning about enzymes, so we conducted a lab to test the effects of temperature on enzyme productivity. My group chose to use three different temperatures to test and a control group, which will be room temperature. These three temperatures are 50 degrees Celsius, 40 degrees Celsius, and 3 degrees Celsius.

Hypothesis: If the temperature affects enzyme productivity, then the rate of reaction will increase with the increase of temperature. When the temperature is above 40 degrees C, the reaction will be slow down, or cease to exist.

Independent Variable: temperature (Celsius)

Dependent Variable: rate of reaction (time and height of bubbles)

Controlled Variables: protein source (hydrogen peroxidase), type/amount of water, concentration of bindweed mixture, amount of bindweed mixture and hydrogen peroxidase

Justification of hypothesis: I know from previous research that heat affects enzymes both positively and negatively. The more the temperature increases, the more the rate of reaction increases, as well. However, there is a certain temperature at which the heat causes the bond to break because the protein is denatured. The enzyme changes shape and the substrate no longer fits with the enzyme.

Materials (Your Team’s Experiment):

• digital scale
• two handfuls of freshly picked bindweed with leaves (5 to 10 grams)
• mortar and pestle
• distilled water
• three 100-liter beakers
• 1 mL syringe
• hydrogen peroxide
• paper towels
• 8 glass test tubes
• test tube rack
• ice
• thermometer
• plastic ruler
• tape
• stopwatch

Procedure:

We are going to test the effect of temperatures on enzymes. There will be three different temperature that we will test: 50 degrees Celsius (hot), 40 degrees Celsius (body temperature), and 3 degrees Celsius (cold). The control will be room temperature (3 degrees Celsius)

Steps:

1. Set up the three different baths; water at set temperatures (50 degrees Celsius, 40 degrees Celsius, and 3 degrees Celsius) Warm up one bath, put ice in another, and set the third close to regular body temperature
2. Collect about two handfuls of fresh bindweed leaves.
3. Grind the leaves with the mortar and pestle, into a smooth substance
4. To create an extract for an accurate experiment, grind up the bindweed until you have 10 grams of mashed up bindweed. Then add water to the bindweed substance (55 mL)
5. Filter the water and bindweed mixture through a paper towel into a small plastic beaker until you have about 60 mL of bindweed extract (should look like green water). This will be more than enough extract, so there will be extra if you mess up.
6. Add 2 mL of the extract to four of the test tubes.
7. Then add the same amount (2mL) of hydrogen peroxidase to the other four test tubes.
8. Complete the next steps one group at a time.
9. Hold both test tubes (one hydrogen peroxidase and one with the bindweed extract) in one of the baths for two minutes.  (BEFORE YOU TAKE OUT THE TEST TUBES HAVE THE STOPWATCH AND RULER READY) Doing the reactions one by one, quickly take the two test tubes out of the bath and immediately combine them.
10. Measure the height of the bubbles every five seconds for thirty seconds.
11. Repeat process for remaining test tubes.
12. For the control group, do not alter the temperature of the test tubes. Just add them together at room temperature and measure the height of the bubbles the same way as the other reactions.

Data and Results:

See tables and graphs below.

 Control (20 degrees Celsius)

TIME (seconds)	HEIGHT (cm)
0	0
5	0
10	0.1
15	0.2
20	0.5
25	0.7
30	0.7

Temperature #1- Hot (50 degrees Celsius)

TIME (seconds)	HEIGHT (cm)
0	0
5	0
10	0.1
15	0.1
20	0.2
25	0.2
30	0.3

Temperature #2- Warm (40 degrees Celsius)

TIME (seconds)	HEIGHT (cm)
0	0
5	0
10	0.1
15	0.3
20	0.4
25	0.4
30	0.4

Temperature #3- Cold (3 degrees Celsius)

TIME (seconds)	HEIGHT (cm)
0	0
5	0
10	0
15	0
20	0
25	0.1
30	0.1

Data Analysis: To make the graph I used all the data from the tests and graphed them on one plane. By looking at both the tables and the graph, it is clear that the control (the blue line) had the greatest reaction. The slowest was the green line, or the cold test tubes. The red line was the hot temperature, while the yellow line represents the warm temperature.

Conclusions:

By analyzing the data, the data did support our hypothesis. The warmer temperatures produced a greater reaction, but the hot temperature (50 degrees Celsius) did not do as well as the warm and the control. However, the coldest temperature had the lowest height of bubbles after the two substances were mixed, meaning that the lowest reaction was the cold temperature, not the hot temperature. This was because when the test tubes were in the cold ice bath for two minutes, it dramatically dropped the temperature of both substances. The tubes felt ice cold, and the cold temperature caused such a small reaction because the enzyme was operating at below its optimum temperature. The hot temperature (50 degrees Celsius) had such a low reaction because the heat of both substances may have allowed the substrate or enzyme to become denatured, which means the enzyme and substrate could no longer work together to speed up the reaction rate. In conclusion, enzymes have the fastest and greatest rate of reaction in mild temperatures (room temperature or close to regular body temperature [40 degrees Celsius])

How Does Your Garden Grow?

Before I talk about my plant there is something that has caught my attention.

Both of the images to the left I used to think they were pictures of my plant, broccoli. I now know that is not my plant but kohlrabi.  My plant is still alive though but isn't as big because it has had to compete with the kohlrabi. Even though it is not getting that big it is still doing. It does this by feel division. Cell division or mitosis is a process were a  eukaryotic parent cell makes two exact copies of itself.  By doing this it can keep on adding mass to what ever it is in.  A way the cell can do this is because of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process in which plants take in the suns energy through chloroplast. Chloroplast turns the energy in to glucose or sugar. This helps power the cell.  A plant in some ways is also like an animal it has to respire. Respiration is not the same thing as breathing. Respiration is a process in which animals or plants take in a gas and change it to another. Animals take in oxygen and change it into carbon dioxide, but plants do the opposite they take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

How Does Your Garden Grow?

Our plant has shown growth over the past weeks. Growth is just an easier way of saying that our plant is going through mitosis, a form of cell division. When a cell undergoes mitosis, the chromosomes in that cell, divide into two identical sets of chromosomes. In simpler terms, you started with one cell, and it split into two. Cell division, as mentioned in my previous blog post, is what made our plant grow. With out the cells multiplying themselves, our broccoli would've stayed as a seedling. The more cells there are, the more biomass the plant will have.
None of this growth would have been possible without photosynthesis. Photosynthesis allows our plant to use light energy to make food for itself. Cells require food to reproduce. Just like humans, plants need food and the nutrients food brings, to make themselves grow. The food our plant produces for itself is mainly glucose, or commonly known as sugar. Through cellular respiration, our plant will convert the energy found in glucose into ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their energy needs. During the process of respiration, cells release energy. The energy cells release is used to provide energy for essential processes in all living things. In conclusion, cell division is reliant on photosynthesis and respiration for energy to help the plant grow.
If a signal was sent to the nucleus to make more of the enzymes PEPC and Rubisco (two important enzymes in photosynthesis), the process would start with the nucleus of many of the plant's cells sending a message to the Rough ER. The sequence of DNA include instructions for building enzymes. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesizes proteins. Enzymes are made out of proteins. Therefore, the nucleus would tell the RER to make more proteins, so the proteins can form enzymes.
By making more of these special enzymes used in photosynthesis, the plant might be able to grow faster. This may be possible because photosynthesis and the energy produced in respiration are required for cell division. If these enzymes are able to speed up photosynthesis, it might lead to more cell division in a shorter period of time.